Why? Because it never happened”. Such as Naoki Hyakuta, a governor of Japan’s public broadcaster, NHK, said in a speech on February 3rd 2014 that “In 1938, Chiang Kai-shek tried to publicize Japan’s responsibility for the Nanking Massacre, but the nations of the world ignored him. However, some extreme right-wing Japanese nationalists are convinced that the Nanking Massacre was fictitious which was a hideous conspiracy trying to make Japan an international enemy. Aside from other atrocities during the second Sino-Japan war, such as raping, plundering, and human experimentation at Unit 731, at least 30,000 Chinese civilians were brutally murdered in the Nanking Massacre. Raising the banner of the Black Sun Empire even higher than before, the LP featured further collaborative work with yet more high-profile artists including Noisia, Corrupt Souls and Kemal.Did the Nanking Massacre really happen in 1937? Chinese people, with a plethora of concrete evidence, believe that such tragedy did happen, and many crimes have been trialled, sentenced, and many criminals have been punished, as shown in some researches, such as Documents of Nanking Massacre 南京大屠殺檔案, which was published in 2014 and accepted by Memory of the World in 2015 , and Research Japanese War Crimes Records— Introductory Essays (2006). Motivated by the massive response they had received, the boys followed up with their second long-player, ‘Cruel and Unusual’, in 2005.Beautiful Morning - Black Sun Empire Remix Rawthang. Panorama Chris.SU, Raw.Full. My purpose is to illustrate two conflicting discourses, the justification of and opposition to the mass killing as represented in the film Black Sun— The Nanking Massacre, sometimes called Black Sun IV (1995), Footnote 2 directed by Mou Tunfei 牟敦芾.1138 Corrupt Souls. I do not intend to verify the authenticity or the scale of the Nanking Massacre in this paper.However, the reason I chose this film is not only because Black Sun IV bluntly shows Japanese soldiers’ brutality, but also because it discusses, maybe not intentionally, the reasons for such inhumanity.In this paper, first, I will explain why the Nanking Massacre occurred from a legal point of view. Chemical Brothers Single 93-03 (Big Beat) Chemical Brothers Dig Your Own Hole (Breaks/Big Beat) Counterstrike Draco (algo003) (Hardstep)Newsmax.com reports today’s news headlines, live news stream, news videos from Americans and global readers seeking the latest in current events, politics, U.S., world news, health, finance, and more.There have been other films made about the Nanking Massacre, such as Zhang Yimou’s 張藝謀 The Flowers of War 金陵十三釵 (2011) and Lu Chuan’s 陸川 City of Life and Death 南京! 南京! (2009), but Black Sun— The Nanking Massacre is the most controversial because of its cult character and graphic violent scenes. More.Black Sun Empire Cruel & Unusual 2005 (DnB) Bong Ra & Enduser The Kill 2007 (Industrial/Hardcore) Breakage This Too Shall Pass 2006 (Experimental) Recommended.Even though Japanese soldiers carried out many atrocities during the second Sino-Japanese War, such as devastating the property of non-combatants and conducting biological experiments, I will only focus on the laws regarding mass killing and inhumane treatment of civilians and Chinese soldiers during the Nanking Massacre.Hague IV Art. In the next section, I will first demonstrate the laws, which also are the laws as a historical and legal fact shown in the film, that regulate the acts of Japanese soldiers in war. I will analyse these three narratives to show the absurdity of the, legal, moral, and psychological reasons for mass killing and other inhumane acts in war in the film. As my second point, using the theories of Philip Zimbardo and Dan Ariely, I will explain how it is possible for Japanese soldiers to break, through a mass murder, the moral and psychological barrier and cause a mass murder.Not only does the film explain why Japanese soldiers could cross the last line of human decency to cause such a catastrophe, it also challenges the justification and rationalization of mass killing by using three fictional narratives: (1) a meeting of high ranking officers that takes place after the Nanking massacre and an informal conversation between some of them after this meeting, (2) a monologue by the Commander General Matsui Iwane, and (3) a discussion about swords between the samurai Takayama and Nakajima Kesago. However, the cruelty and severity of this mass killing cannot be easily sanctioned, even if the Japanese soldiers are seen as fallible human beings. In the film, the imperial rescript, which is used as a cinematic design that did not exist in 1937 in reality, indirectly offers the Japanese army a legal ground, or an excuse, to ignore the legally binding international agreements which the Japanese government has signed and which regulates states’ conduct in war.The purpose of the imperial rescript in the film is to exempt Japanese soldiers, as well as the government and the emperor himself, from the legal consequences of such an atrocity.
Iwane argues that “Although killing is unavoidable in warfare, we still must observe international law.” Other officers refute this claim, saying:8. Led by General Matsui Iwane, this conference is held after the fall of Nanking to discuss Japanese soldiers’ misconduct, which the high ranking officers present all agree had taken. Footnote 5 As mentioned before, the imperial rescript in reality did not even exist in 1937, although Black Sun IV mentions it during a conference scene involving Japanese military leaders. Japanese soldiers were supposed to follow the treaty during the second Sino-Japan war, because the Japanese government has signed and ratified the treaty.Even if existing legal agreements could theoretically be overridden or annulled by a new unratified or unsigned agreement—the 1929 Geneva Convention, Japanese soldiers would have behaved properly if Emperor Hirohito, who to the Japanese was a god, Footnote 4 and whose words presumptively have the same effect in the film, had restrained their conduct.However, in the film, Emperor Hirohito does not mention humane treatment to Chinese people in his imperial rescript, or, as is fairer, his rescript is not intended to declare war on the Republic of China. Since the treatment of prisoners of war has clearly stated that prisoners are not in the hand of those who capture them but still belong to their home country, prisoners cannot be wounded or killed at will and should be humanely treated by the individuals or corps who captured them. ![]() One of the officers says:Nakajima Kesago: All the officers agree that this is the best way to carry out our Emperor’s will…. In Black Sun IV, this debate about the responsibility of high ranking officers for the Nanking Massacre take place in a fabricated conversation between a few Japanese officers after the meeting held by General Matsui Iwane. However, this would diminish the legal responsibility for such atrocities being attributed to high ranking officers, the Japanese government, and the Emperor, who were all put on trial at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in 1946. Of course, it is possible that uncontrolled and immoral Japanese soldiers were the cause of the Nanking Massacre. Myitlab with pearson etext access card for go with mac isbn13 9780134497914This narrative indicates that the Emperor, high ranking officers as well as soldiers, and low rank soldiers are all accomplices and guilty of the Nanking Massacre. Their interpretation of the imperial rescript is postulated as being supported by the presence of the Emperor’s uncle as the Emperor’s representative. Therefore, our Emperor’s meaning is clear, isn’t it? According to this conversation, the Emperor is understood to have implicitly endorsed the use of extreme measures to ensure the political advantage of the Japanese in their campaign against China.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorPatricia ArchivesCategories |